Japanese homes have been cherished and passed down through generations since ancient times.
This article provides an overview of traditional Japanese architecture and construction methods, tracing their development through history.
It also discusses their enduring popularity, from historical buildings to modern homes.
Representative Architectural Styles in Japan
Shinden-zukuri (寝殿造り)
Shinden-zukuri was a popular architectural style for the mansions of aristocrats during the Heian period (794–1192).
A well-known example is the Phoenix Hall of Byodoin Temple in Kyoto. These residences were typically surrounded by earthen walls, with the central building, the "Shinden," serving as the main living quarters for the owner.
Additional buildings, known as "Tai," were arranged in a U-shape to the east, west, and north of the Shinden.
These were connected to the main building by corridors called "Watadono" or "Sukiwatadono."
The Shinden and the eastern and western buildings served as living spaces for the owner and their family, while also being used for various ceremonies and events.
The gardens surrounding these homes were designed to harmonise with the natural beauty of the landscape and often featured ponds. In some cases, pavilions known as "Tsuridono" were built near the ponds, where boats could be moored.
One notable feature of Shinden-zukuri is the use of movable screens, such as "Byobu" (folding screens) and "Misu" (bamboo blinds), to divide spaces and create privacy.
These screens could be rearranged depending on the event or occasion.
This method of partitioning spaces is still used today in temples, shrines, and even traditional Japanese weddings.
(Ref: 京都フリー写真素材 https://photo53.com/)
- Byobu – folding screens made by connecting wooden frames covered with paper or fabric.
- Misu – bamboo blinds woven from thin bamboo strips, often used as a boundary in high-status households.
Shoin-zukuri (書院造り)
( Ref:京都フリー写真素材 https://photo53.com/0
Shoin-zukuri, also known as "Buke-zukuri" (Samurai Architecture), was an architectural style that developed from the Muromachi period (1336–1573) to the early modern period, primarily used by the upper classes, including the samurai.
The style evolved from the Muromachi to the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1568–1600) and became widely adopted during the Edo period (1603–1868).
As Japanese society transitioned from an aristocratic to a warrior-based system, it became important to have spaces for public meetings and negotiations.
This led to the creation of the "Shoin," or study room, which often featured decorative alcoves called "Tokonoma" for displaying sacred items and "Chigaidana" (staggered shelves) for stationery. These elements emphasised the importance of formality and status.
Compared to Shinden-zukuri, Shoin-zukuri is characterised by the development of sliding doors (Fusuma) and paper screens (Shoji) to divide rooms, allowing for more versatility in the use of space. The floors were covered with Tatami mats, adding to the structure’s refined elegance.
Another notable feature of Shoin-zukuri is the creation of "Karesansui" gardens, which use sand and stones to represent natural landscapes without water.
These dry gardens reflect the Japanese aesthetic of "Wabi-Sabi," finding beauty in simplicity and imperfection. Shoin-zukuri continues to influence modern Japanese architecture.
The tradition of determining social rank based on the positioning of the Tokonoma in Shoin-zukuri still resonates in modern Japan, where seating arrangements are often based on hierarchy, with the most important person seated in the highest-ranking position.
- Tokonoma – a raised alcove in a traditional Japanese room, used to display art or flowers.
- Chigaidana – staggered shelves used for displaying items.
Modern Architecture Incorporating Western Influence
From the late Edo period to the Meiji period (1868–1912), Japan underwent rapid Westernisation.
During this time, Western architectural techniques, particularly from Europe, were increasingly adopted, leading to the development of Western-style buildings in Japan.
In the early Meiji period, a hybrid architectural style known as "Giyofu Kenchiku" (pseudo-Western architecture) or "Yofu Mokuzou Kenchiku" (Western-style wooden architecture) emerged, blending traditional Japanese wooden construction with Western designs.
The Glover House in Nagasaki is a representative example of this style.
As Japan continued to modernise, significant public buildings such as the Rokumeikan (a social hall), the Mint Bureau, and various railway stations adopted more solid Western architectural styles, using materials such as stone and brick.
These buildings reflect a new cultural era in Japanese architectural history, incorporating Western influence while respecting traditional roots.
Distinctive Features of Japanese Architecture
Traditional Wooden Construction Methods
Traditional Japanese construction uses a technique known as "Kigumi" (wood joinery), which makes use of the natural characteristics of wood.
This technique can be broadly divided into several key elements:
Japan’s oldest surviving wooden structure is Horyu-ji Temple in Nara, which was completed in 607 AD.
In 1993, Horyu-ji and its associated buildings were registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The five-story pagoda at Horyu-ji has stood for over 1,300 years.
It is said that woods like Japanese cypress (Hinoki) increase in strength over the first 100–200 years after being felled and maintain their strength for up to 1,000 years.
This durability has contributed to the longevity of traditional buildings, from ancient temples to modern homes.
The Appeal of Wooden Structures Beyond Earthquake Resistance
The benefits of wooden buildings extend beyond their earthquake resistance.
The natural warmth and texture of wood create a pleasant living environment, with soft flooring that contributes to a comfortable home.
Wood is also valued for its moisture-regulating properties. It absorbs moisture when the air is humid and releases it when the air is dry, leading to the saying "wood breathes."
This ability to stabilise humidity levels can reduce airborne bacteria, making wooden homes healthier and more comfortable.
Furthermore, wood has excellent insulation properties. Compared to materials like concrete and metal, wood has a low thermal conductivity, meaning it retains heat well, keeping homes cool in summer and warm in winter.
The ease of working with wood also allows for flexibility in design, making it a popular choice not only for houses but also for furniture and other fixtures.
Conclusion
This article has introduced the features and charms of various Japanese architectural styles.
Japanese architecture has evolved over centuries, preserving the beauty and functionality of natural materials. Even today, many homes are built using traditional techniques, making this architectural heritage an integral part of modern and future living in Japan.
